大众英语80篇背诵阅读带翻译(十四)
"28 Changing Roles of Public Education
One of the most important social developments that helped to make possible a shift in thinking about the role of public education was the effect of the baby boom of the 1950's and 1960's on the schools. In the 1920's, but especially in the Depression conditions of the 1930's, the United States experienced a declining birth rate -- every thousand women aged fifteen to forty-four gave birth to about 118 live children in 1920，89.2 in 1930，75.8 in 1936, and 80 in1940. With the growing prosperity brought on by the Second World War and the economic boom that followed it young people married and established households earlier and began to raise larger families than had their predecessors during the Depression. Birth rates rose to 102 per thousand in 1946, 106.2 in 1950, and 118 in 1955. Although economics was probably the most important determinant, it is not the only explanation for the baby boom. The increased value placed on the idea of the family also helps to explain this rise in birth rates. The baby boomers began streaming into the first grade by the mid 1940's and became a flood by 1950. The public school system suddenly found itself overtaxed. While the number of schoolchildren rose because of wartime and postwar conditions, these same conditions made the schools even less prepared to cope with the flood. The wartime economy meant that few new schools were built between 1940 and 1945. Moreover, during the war and in the boom times that followed, large numbers of teachers left their profession for better-paying jobs elsewhere in the economy.Therefore in the 1950's and 1960's, the baby boom hit an antiquated and inadequate school system. Consequently, the "custodial rhetoric"of the 1930's and early 1940's no longer made sense that is, keeping youths aged sixteen and older out of the labor market by keeping them in school could no longer be a high priority for an institution unable to find space and staff to teach younger children aged five to sixteen. With the baby boom, the focus of educators and of laymen interested in education inevitably turned toward the lower grades and back to basic academic skills and discipline. The system no longer had much interest in offering nontraditional, new, and extra services to older youths.大众教诲的脚色转变一项重要的、有年夜概促使人们对大众教诲的脚色的不雅观点发作窜改的社会生长是本世纪五六十年代的生育顶峰对黉舍的影响。在 20年代，尤其是在 30年代后的年夜热闹中，美国经历了一次出生率的下降--1920年每千名年龄在 15岁至 45岁的妇女生下年夜约 118个存活婴儿，1930年 89.2个，1936年 75.8个，1940年 80个。跟着二战带来的继续昌盛以及随之而来的经济增加，年白叟比年夜热闹中的同龄人更早地结婚立室，并且比长辈养育更年夜的家庭。
1946年出生率上升到 102百分，1950年达 106百分，1955年达 118百分。关于生育顶峰，经济有年夜概是最重要的决议身分，但它并不是独一的注释。赓续遭到器重的家庭看法也有助于注释出生率的上升。到 40年代中期为止，这些生育顶峰出生的孩子们开始源源赓续地进进小学一年级。到了 1950年，就组成了一股年夜水。大众教诲系统突然感到不胜重负了。因为战时和战后的状况，使得学龄儿童人数增加，这些状况使得黉舍面临这股年夜水更加措手不及。战时经济意味着在 1940年到 1950年间几乎没有建立新黉舍。并且，在战时和随后的经济增加期间，年夜量的西席分开岗位往别处从事报酬更为优厚的义务。因此，在五六十年代，生育顶峰打击着陈腐而不完整的黉舍系统。如许一来，30年代以及 40年代早期，"监护理想"就不再存心义了。也便是说，经由历程使 16岁以上的年白叟留在黉舍不进进休息力市场的做法再也不是教诲机构的优先思量了。因为教诲机构不再能找参加地和西席来教诲那些更小的 5-16岁的孩子。跟着生育顶峰，教诲者和圈外人士对教诲的快乐喜爱和焦点，不可防止地转向了更低的年级和基础的学术技能手腕和学科上。这一般系不再有浓重的快乐喜爱给较年长的年白叟供给非传统的新式的和分外的效力。
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