ETS新托福网考最新写作题型举例剖析
Writing based on Reading and Listening
Directions
For this task， you will first have five minutes to read a passage about an academic marketing. You may take notes on the passage if you wish. The passage will then be removed and you will listen to a lecture about the same marketing. While you listen， you may also take notes.
Then you will have 20 minutes to write a response to a question that asks you about the relationship between the lecture you heard and the reading passage. Try to answer the question as completely as possible using information from the reading passage and the lecture. The question does not ask you to express your personal opinion. You will be able to see the reading passage again when it is time for you to write. You may use your notes to help you answer the question.Typically， an effective response will be 150 to 225 words long. Your response will be judged on the quality of your writing and on the completeness and accuracy of the content. If you finish your response before time is up， you may click on Next to go on to the second writing task.Now you will see the reading passage for five minutes. Remember it will be available to you again when you write immediately after the reading time ends. The lecture will begin， so keep your headset on until the lecture is over.Directions：You have 20 minutes to plan and write your response. Your response will be judged on the basis of the quality of your writing and on how well your response presents the points in the lecture and their relationship to the reading passage. Typically， an effective response will be 150 to 225 words.Altruism is a type of behavior in which an animal sacrifices its own interest for that of another animal or group of animals. Altruism is the opposite of selfishness； individuals performing altruistic acts gain nothing for themselves.Examples of altruism abound， both among humans and among other mammals. Unselfish acts among humans range from the sharing of food with strangers to the donation of body organs to family members， and even to strangers. Such acts are altruistic in that they benefit another， yet provide little reward to the one performing the act.In fact， many species of animals appear willing to sacrifice food， or even their life， to assist other members of their group. The meerkat， which is a mammal that dwells in burrows in grassland areas of Africa， is often cited as an example. In groups of meerkats， an individual acts as a sentinel， standing guard and looking out for predators while the others hunt for food or eat food they have obtained. If the sentinel meerkat sees a predator such as a hawk approaching the group， it gives an alarm cry alerting the other meerkats to run and seek shelter. By standing guard， the sentinel meerkat gains nothing—it goes without food while the others eat， and it places itself in grave danger. After it issues an alarm it has to flee alone， which might make it more at risk to a predator， since animals in groups are often able to work together to fend off a predator. So the altruistic sentinel behavior helps ensure the survival of other members of the meerkat‘s group.NarratorNow listen to part of a lecture on the marketing you just read about.ProfessorYou know， often in science， new findings force us to re-examine earlier beliefs and assumptions. And a recent study of meerkats is having exactly this effect. The study examined the meerkat‘s behavior quite closely， much more closely than had ever been done before. And some interesting things were found……like about eating habits……it showed that typically meerkats eat before they stand guard—— so the ones standing guard had a full stomach！ And the study also found that since the sentinel is the first to see a predator coming， it’s the most likely to escape……because it often stands guard near a burrow， so it can run immediately into the burrow after giving the alarm. The other meerkats， the ones scattered about looking for food， are actually in greater danger.And in fact， other studies have suggested that when an animal creates an alarm， the alarm call might cause the other group members either to gather together or else to move about very quickly， behaviors that might actually draw the predator‘s attention away from the caller， increasing that animal’s own chances of survival.And what about people——what about some human acts that might be considered altruistic？ Let‘s take an extreme case， uh， suppose a person donates a kidney to a relative， or even to a complete stranger. A selfless act， right？ But……doesn’t the donor receive appreciation and approval from the stranger and from society？ Doesn‘t the donor gain an increased sense of self worth？ Couldn’t such non-material rewards be considered very valuable to some people？
Altruism is a type of behavior in which an animal sacrifices its own interest for that of another animal or group of animals. Altruism is the opposite of selfishness； individuals performing altruistic acts gain nothing for themselves.
Examples of altruism abound， both among humans and among other mammals. Unselfish acts among humans range from the sharing of food with strangers to the donation of body organs to family members， and even to strangers. Such acts are altruistic in that they benefit another， yet provide little reward to the one performing the act.
In fact， many species of animals appear willing to sacrifice food， or even their life， to assist other members of their group. The meerkat， which is a mammal that dwells in burrows in grassland areas of Africa， is often cited as an example. In groups of meerkats， an individual acts as a sentinel， standing guard and looking out for predators while the others hunt for food or eat food they have obtained. If the sentinel meerkat sees a predator such as a hawk approaching the group， it gives an alarm cry alerting the other meerkats to run and seek shelter. By standing guard， the sentinel meerkat gains nothing—it goes without food while the others eat， and it places itself in grave danger. After it issues an alarm it has to flee alone， which might make it more at risk to a predator， since animals in groups are often able to work together to fend off a predator. So the altruistic sentinel behavior helps ensure the survival of other members of the meerkat‘s group.Question：Summarize the points made in the lecture you just heard， explaining how they cast doubt on points made in the reading.NarratorSummarize the points made in the lecture you just heard， explaining how they cast doubt on points made in the reading.[剖析]这是与读、听连系的写作义务。这一题型是关于学术方面的，阅读文章报告的是一个学术题目，听力部分是讲堂授课的节选，内容与阅读文章有关，可是从不合的角度讨论统一个题目。听力中的内容有年夜概是支撑阅读文章的不雅观点，也有年夜概能反对阅读文章中的内容。考生永久需要总结听力中的不雅观点，但同时需要论述听力中的不雅观点与阅读文章中不雅观点的干系。
阅读文章是关于动物的一种“损人利己”的活动，根基不雅观点有：人类的“损人利己”的活动有好比：与人分享食物、捐募器官。然后以meerkat这种动物为例，申明动物也有“损人利己”的活动。Meerkat的几种活动申明他们是“损人利己”的：担当保镳义务的meerkat在同类狩猎或是用饭的时候，担当考察能否有朋友靠近，一旦有朋友靠近就发出警报以关照同类逃离，做出的断送便是没有吃东西就站岗；发出警报后只能单独逃离，增加了被捕食的危险。听力部分从相反的角度反对这一不雅观点，提出的不雅观点有：meerkat的进食习尚，新的发明是站岗的meerkat理想上是第一个吃东西的，而不是饿着肚子站岗；站岗的meerkat站在洞口附近，一旦发明危险，可以立刻跑进洞中，成为最有年夜概逃离危险的一个，那些东出往找食物的同类反倒更危险。关于人类捐募器官，传授以为实在捐募者获得了社会的歌颂，本身代价的提高等非物质的报偿。
考生需要从三个方面举行对比讨论：
阅读文章中的不雅观点听力中的不雅观点
人类的器官捐募是无私的活动人类的器官捐募获得来自社会的供认和表彰。
meerkat卫兵不吃东西就往站岗 Meerkat为兵早于其同类用饭才往站岗
Meerkat卫兵被捕食的危险最年夜 meerkat理想上是最随便逃离危险的
异样的，好的回答一定是让没有听过对话的人也能年夜白你在讲些什么地回答。
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