大众英语品级测验三级(PETS3)学习条记第4部分
Passage:
When it comes to air pollution, the IT life isn’t necessarily the safest. The most poisonous atmosphere in Asia is found not in rapidly modernizing cities like New Delhi or Beijing but inside the kitchens of homes in rural Asia. Millions of families in the countryside heat their abodes and cook with open fires using cheap fuels that belch carbon monoxide and other noxious fumes at level up to 500 times international safety limits. Rural women and children often spend hours each day in poorly, ventilated kitchens, breathing this putrid air.“This is a problem that has been around forever, as long as humankind has existed, but it’s been ignored,” says Eva Rehfuess, a World Health Organization expert on indoor air pollution.“If you walked into these kitchens, your eyes would start tearing and you would find it difficult to breathe. It’s terrible.”The WHO estimates that indoor air pollution cause 1.6 million deaths per year in developing countries around the world, up to 555,000 of which occur in India alone-and overwhelmingly it’s the poor who are dying. Villagers have no choice but to use wood, coal or dung fires, raising the risk that young children will be killed by carbon-monoxide poisoning or a bad case of pneumonia ravaging weakened lungs. Likewise, the women who typically keep their home fires burning are vulnerable to chronic respiratory diseases.“Day in and day out for 50 years, some of these women might be cooking six hours a day, exposed to pollutions,” says Rehfuess.Curtailing indoor air pollution can be as IT as replacing open wood fires with better-ventilated cookstoves, but more sophisticated stoves can cost up to $120. China and India, home to the world’s largest rural populations, have launched ambitious national programs in recent decades to supply villagers with safer stoves at subsidized prices. But the programs have not always worked, in India, for example, some 33 million stoves were given out free to villagers in rural areas from 1984 to 2000—but because of a lack of health education or follow-up maintenance, most families abandoned the cookstoves for their old fires within a few years.That’s left nongovernmental organizations like the shell Foundation to step into the gap. It has begun a pilot program with local Indian NGOs in a pair of rural states to develop and market clean, wood-burning stoves that cost just $5-$10 yet can reduce emissions by up to 40百分. The project is on track to sell 1000,000 stoves by the end of 2005, and the groups plan to expand the program nationally in the future. Program manager Karen Westley says Shell and its partner NGOs made an effort to sell their customers not just more efficient tools but also the idea that different is better.“You have to make sure people actually want that damn thing,” says Westely.“They need to make the connection between having a better stove, breathing less smoke and experiencing better health in the end.”But habits ingrained by tradition can be hard to break.“They’ve been living with this always, and so have their mothers and grandmothers,” says Rehfuess.“You have to give people the felling they can do something about it.” And that they’ll breathe a lot easier for their trouble.参考译文:说到空气污染，并不是说简朴的日常糊口就肯定是最平安的。钻研显现，在亚洲，毒气最浓的空气并不在新德里和北京如许的现代化速度很快的都会，而是在亚洲乡村家庭的厨房里。在乡村，上百万的家庭用明火取热或是做饭，他们利用的是廉价的燃料，这些燃料所释放的一氧化碳量和其他有毒烟雾量是国际尺度的500倍。乡村地区的妇女和孩子常常每天在通风欠好的厨房里待上几个小时，呼吸这种有毒的空气。“这个题目从人类诞生以来就不断存在着，可是却不断被轻忽了，”一位名叫伊娃.瑞弗丝的世界卫生构造室内空气污染方面的专家说道，“走进厨房你的眼睛就开始堕泪，并且你会以为呼吸困难，这太可骇了。”
世界卫生构造估计，在生长中国家，室内空气污染形成每年160万人灭亡，其中印度占55万——并且灭亡的年夜部分都是贫夷易近。村夷易近们除了用木头，煤大概是粪肥来烧火之外别无选择，如许会增加小孩子一氧化碳中毒灭亡的危险，肺功用削弱，肺炎抱病率增加。异样，那些在家里生火的妇女很随便得慢性呼吸道疾玻瑞弗丝说“有些妇女一天要花6小时做饭，五十年里日复一日，每天都糊口在污染中。”
淘汰室内空气污染实在极度简朴，只需用一套通风比较好的厨灶来替代木头生火就可以了，可是比较初级的厨灶要花120美元。中国和印度是世界上两个乡村地区生齿最多的国家，在近来几十年里启动了全国范围的救济项目，以津贴价钱供给乡村居夷易近平安机能最好的厨灶。可是，这个项目并不是不断起感化。例如，印度政府在1984-2000年间免费发放了三百三十万套厨灶给乡村地区农夷易近，可是因为缺少康健知识教诲和相干维护，年夜都家庭几年之后就又回到他们正本的取火体例了。
这使得一些像谢尔基金会如许的非政府构造介入出去。该构造与印度外埠非政府构造在一些村落地区开始小范围尝试项目，开发和推行洁净的、熄灭木头的厨灶，并使之市场化。如许厨灶可以淘汰40百分的氧化排放量，并且只需要5-10美元。这个项目计划到2005年底出售15套厨灶，该构造准备往后在全国范围内推行这个项目。该项目标司理凯温.威斯特里说谢尔和它的非政府构造互助同伴勉力销售给主顾的不但是一种最高效的工具，并且另有一种理念，那便是：有所窜改会更好。威斯特里说：“你必需要确定人们确实想要那东西与他们最终需要的联系，即在拥有一套好的厨灶，少呼吸烟雾和体验到康健的身段这三者之间建立一种联系。”
可是根深蒂固的传统习尚很难窜改。瑞弗丝说：“他们不断是如许糊口的，包括他们的母亲和祖母也是如许糊口的，你需要给他们一种感受，那便是他们可以对此做些窜改。”如许人们会对自己的费事事感到轻松良多。
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