英语介词翻译本领
英语中年夜年夜都介词含义灵活,一词多义多用。除了一些常用短语已有译法外,年夜量介词需要从其根基意义动身,联系上下文加以灵活处理。下面简明地介绍几种根基译法。
(1)转译:英语中常用介词来表达举措意义。汉译时,可将介词转译成动词。
①在作表语的介词短语中,介词常转译为动词,而连系动词则省略不译。如:This machine is out of repair.这台机器失落修了。
②在作目标或缘故原因状语的介词短语中,介词偶尔转译成动词。如:
The plane crushed out of control.这架飞机失落往控制而坠毁。
The letter E is commonly used for electromotive force.每每用E这个字母默示电动势。
③在作前提、体例或体例状语的介词短语中,介词偶尔转译成动词。如:
But even the larger molecules with several hundred atoms are too small to be seen with the bestoptical microscope.可是,即便有几百个原子的分子也是太小了,用最好的光学显微镜也看不见它们。
④介词短语作补足语时,其中介词常转译成动词。如:
Heat sets these particles in random motion.热量使这些粒子作随机活动。
(2)增译:增词不是惹是生非,而是要根据上下文分外是与介词搭配的动词或描述词的含义加得得当。有不少情况,句中与介词搭配的动词或描述词不出现,如照原文构造无法把意思表达清晰,乃至易于曲解时,这就需要增词。
如:Thats all there is to it.那便是与此有关的全部内容。(原句中 to=related to)
The engineer was taken ill with consumption. It was flour on the lungs, the doctor told him at the time.这个工程师得了肺一并那是因为面粉对肺部的影响,那时年夜夫如许对他说的。(on=effect)
因此,认识介词与动词或描述词的习尚搭配是增词并准确了解词义的一种重要手腕。
(3)分译:介词短语作定语时,频频是定语从句的一种简单形式。介词短语作状语时,偶尔是状语从句的简单形式。有些介词短语照旧并列句的简单形式。因此汉译时,有的可以拆句分译。
①译成并列分句。
The porous wall acts as a kind of seine for separating molecules.多孔壁的感化就象一把筛子,它把不合质量的分子分开。
②译成让步分句。
With all its disadvantages this design is considered to be one of the best.这个计划虽然有各种错误错误,仍被以为最佳计划之一。
③译成真实或假造前提分句。
Mans warm blood makes it difficult for him to live long in the sea without some kind warmth.人的血液是热的,如果得不到一定的热量,人就难以耐久在海水中糊口。
④译成缘故原因分句。
We cannot see it clearly for the fog.因为有雾,我们看不清它。
The machine is working none the worse for its long service.
这部机器并不因利用的时候长而机能变差了。
⑤译成目标分句。
This body of knowledge is customarily divided for convenience of study into the classifications: mechanics, heat, light, electricity and sound..为了便于钻研起见,每每将这门学科分为力学、热学、光学、电学和声学。
英语中年夜年夜都介词含义灵活,一词多义多用。除了一些常用短语已有译法外,年夜量介词需要从其根基意义动身,联系上下文加以灵活处理。下面简明地介绍几种根基译法。
(4)不译:不译或省略翻译是在切当表达原文内容的前提下使译文简练,符合汉语范例,决不是任意省略某些介词。
①默示时候或地点的英语介词,译成汉语如出现在句首,年夜都不译。如:
There are four seasons in a year.一年有四季。
Many water power stations have been built in the country.我国已建成良多水电站。
②有些介词如for(为了),from(从……),to(对……),on(在……时)等,可以不译。如:
The barometer is a good instrument for measuring air pressure.气压计是测量气压的好仪器。
The air was removed from between the two pipes.两根管子之间的空气已经抽出。
Answers to questions 2 and 3 may be obtained in the laboratory.题目2和3的谜底可以在尝试室里获得。
Most substances expand on heating and contract on cooling.
年夜年夜都物质热胀冷缩。
③默示与主语有关的某一方面、范围或内容的介词偶尔不译,可把介词的宾语译成汉语主语。如:
Something has gone wrong with the engine.这台策划机出了毛玻
Gold is similar in color to brass金子的颜色和黄铜类似。
Its never occurred to me that bats are really guided by their ears.我从未想到蝙蝠居然是靠耳朵引路的。
④不少of介词短语在句中作定语。其中of(……的)频频不译。如:
The change of electrical energy into mechanical energy is done in motors.电能变为机器能是经由历程电念头完成的。(of短语和change在逻辑上有主谓干系,可译建立谓构造。)
Some of the properties of cathode rays listed below.现将阴极射线的一些特征开列如下。(第一个of短语和some在逻辑上有部分干系,Of不译出。)
(5)反译:在不少情况下,有的介词短语如不从和睦着笔,译文就不通,这时必需反译。如:
①beyond, past,against等默示跨越某限制的本领或反对....时,其短语偶尔用反译法。如:
It is post repair.这东西无法修补了。
There are some arguments against the possibility of life on this planet.有些论据不满意这行星上年夜概有生物。
Radio telescopes have been able to probe space beyond the range of ordinary optical telescopes.射电看远镜已能探测通俗光学看远镜达不到的宇宙空间。
②off, from等默示地点,隔断时,偶尔有反译法。如:
The boat sank off the coast.这只船在离海岸不远处淹没了。
③but,except,besides等默示除往、除外时,偶尔用反译法。
Copper is the best conductor but silver.铜是仅次于银的最优导体。
The mdelecular formula, C6H14, does not show anything except the total number of carbon and hydrogen atoms.分子式C6H14只用来默示碳原子和氢原子的总数。
④from,in等介词短语作补足语时,偶尔用反译法。如:
An iron case will keep the Earths magnetic field away from the compass.铁箱能使地球磁场影响不了指南针。
The signal was shown about the machine being order.信号表明机器设有毛玻
一个词分开上下文是不能翻译的’(索伯列夫),没有上下文就没有词义。介词的翻译须根据上下文和词的搭配灵活处理,切忌尴尬刁难号进座的机器翻译。
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